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Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences, by John R. Hibbing, Kevin B. Smith, John R. Alford
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Buried in many people and operating largely outside the realm of conscious thought are forces inclining us toward liberal or conservative political convictions. Our biology predisposes us to see and understand the world in different ways, not always reason and the careful consideration of facts. These predispositions are in turn responsible for a significant portion of the political and ideological conflict that marks human history.
With verve and wit, renowned social scientists John Hibbing, Kevin Smith, and John Alford―pioneers in the field of biopolitics―present overwhelming evidence that people differ politically not just because they grew up in different cultures or were presented with different information. Despite the oft-heard longing for consensus, unity, and peace, the universal rift between conservatives and liberals endures because people have diverse psychological, physiological, and genetic traits. These biological differences influence much of what makes people who they are, including their orientations to politics.
Political disputes typically spring from the assumption that those who do not agree with us are shallow, misguided, uninformed, and ignorant. Predisposed suggests instead that political opponents simply experience, process, and respond to the world differently. It follows, then, that the key to getting along politically is not the ability of one side to persuade the other side to see the error of its ways but rather the ability of each side to see that the other is different, not just politically, but physically. Predisposed will change the way you think about politics and partisan conflict.
As a bonus, the book includes a "Left/Right 20 Questions" game to test whether your predispositions lean liberal or conservative.
- Sales Rank: #213485 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Routledge
- Published on: 2013-09-16
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x 6.25" w x .75" l, 1.20 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 304 pages
Features
- Used Book in Good Condition
Amazon.com Review
Excerpt from The Left/Right Twenty Questions Game in Predisposed
The Five Questions from Hardwired i
Could you slap your father in the face (with his permission) as part of a comedy skit? Yes No When you go to work in the morning, do you often leave a mess in your apartment or house? Yes No Which lesson is more important to teach to children? Kindness Respect Do you get bored by abstract ideas and theoretical discussions? Yes No Think about this carefully for 15 seconds - “Cleanliness is next to Godliness.” Which answer is closer to your current thoughts? Okay…makes sense What? Which item from each pair comes closest to describing you?ii
Eccentric Conventional Decisive Flexible Open-Minded b. Moralistic Imaginative Practical Simple Complex Which item from each pair comes closest to describing you?ii
Small towns Big cities Romantic movies Comedies Country music Classical music Motorcycle SUV Book about sports Book about music Read the book to take the rest of the quiz and find out how you scored.
iHardwired 2009 Christine Lavin, John Alford, John Hibbing, Jeff Mondak, and Gene Weingarten.
iiThe Secret Lives of Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind Political Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 6. (December 2008), pp. 807-840, by Dana R. Carney, John T. Jost, Samuel D. Gosling, Jeff Potter.
Review
"The reviews are clearly presented, making the nature of studies and results accessible to nonexperts. The book includes the "Left/Right 20 Questions Game" for readers to test their own predispositions." Summing Up: Recommended. Undergraduate collections. - J. M Stonecash, emeritus, Syracuse University, in CHOICE
"Just fascinating."
―Taegan Goddard, Political Wire
"From beer-swilling fruit flies to defense-obsessed Republicans, Predisposed reveals why we differ politically and how we can bridge this chasm in an entertaining read by the leading bio-political scientists."
―Paul J. Zak, PhD, author of The Moral Molecule: The Source of Love and Prosperity
"This is a must read book for anyone – general reader or scholar – interested in politics and concerned about contemporary political polarization. This work is non-partisan, deeply researched, well-written, and highly informative. It is a book to send to others you know who, like these authors, want democracy to actually work better, since that is not likely to happen until we truly appreciate the nature of our varying political views. Over time, issues will change but our biological predispositions will not, nor will our political differences. When you have completed this book you will appreciate why this is true, and that since this is the way it always has been, and will be, we should deal with it."
―John W. Dean, former Nixon White House counsel and author
"I don't know if John Hibbing, Kevin Smith, and John Alford are correct that understanding the psychological and physiological differences between liberals and conservatives will help to ameliorate ideological conflict, but I hope so. They have, in any case, written the most reasonable, accessible, fun, constructive, and down-to-earth account of scientific research on political orientation to date. Forget the sensationalistic blogs and read this book instead!"
―John T. Jost, Professor of Psychology and Politics, New York University
"We should all be predisposed to like this book. These authors have offered a thoughtful, interesting, and intriguing argument about our political predispositions. My fondest hope is that this accessible book will spark a much needed debate about how to think about the origins and causes of political behavior. That debate would help us break out of the existing approaches that have shaped our thinking for far too long. Not everyone will appreciate what is said in these pages. But whether or not you like these ideas, the book is both enjoyable and thought-provoking."
―John Geer, Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Vanderbilt University, and author of In Defense of Negativity
"Hibbing, Smith, and Alford have written a landmark book on our newfound understanding of the role biology plays in politics. It is both important and fun to read, with lovely stories and juicy tidbits from the latest research. I couldn't tear myself away!�This is the kind of book that will change the way everyone thinks about both politics and what it means to be human."
―James H. Fowler, author of Connected: How Your Friends' Friends' Friends Affect Everything You Feel, Think, and Do
"How do small biological differences map onto political postures? This stunning book takes into account the complexity of the world while teasing out the subtle patterns that make our truths so varied. An extraordinary work: balanced, nuanced, illuminating."
―David Eagleman, Professor of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, bestselling author of Incognito and Sum
"A wonderful example of theoretically informed experiments demonstrating the genetic, physiologic, and cognitive underpinnings of political predispositions. Biopolitics has come of age."
―Milton Lodge, Distinguished University Professor of Political Science, SUNY at Stony Brook
"Destined to cause a stir, this book is by far the best source for what has emerged as an important new wave in the study of mass politics. In exploring how differences in people's biology, physiology, and cognitive makeup map onto politics, it provides a bracing sense of just how deeply our political differences run. Accessibly written and rigorously argued, it will provide a fascinating read for anyone interested in politics."
―Marc J. Hetherington, Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University
"We have known that we are political animals for a couple thousand years, but Predisposed provides critical clarity about how our biology influences human politics. At the same time, the authors dispel unfounded misconceptions that biology is destiny. The mix of cutting-edge science with humorous writing makes this book a fantastic read!"
―Darren Schreiber, Professor of Politics, University of Exeter
"This book will not make politics easier but it will make it easier to understand. The authors’ analysis will be especially valuable for those men and women who want to use our freedoms to make our union more perfect."
―U.S. Senator Bob Kerrey
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About the Author
John R. Hibbing is the Foundation Regents University Professor of political science and psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He has been named a Guggenheim Fellow, a NATO Fellow in Science, a Senior Fulbright Fellow, and a fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Kevin B. Smith is a professor of political science at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He is an award-winning teacher and author of nine previous books, including The Ideology of Education: The Market, The Commonwealth, and America’s Schools and Analyzing American Democracy.
John R. Alford is an associate professor of political science at Rice University. He has published in areas as diverse as coal mine safety, pro-natalist policies in Eastern Europe, and congressional elections. He has also been active as a consultant and expert witness in the area of redistricting and election law.
Together they are leaders in a growing group of political scientists and psychologists who are utilizing biological techniques to better understand the reasons people’s political views are so diverse and often held so intensely. In 2007 they established the Political Physiology Lab at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the first such lab dedicated exclusively to the analysis of politics. Their articles connecting biology and politics have appeared in scholarly outlets such as Behavioral and Brain Sciences, the American Political Science Review, and Science, and their research has attracted the attention of media outlets ranging from NPR to Fox News, from Spain’s Tiempo magazine to Japan’s Asahi Shimbun, and from the New York Times to The Daily Show.
Most helpful customer reviews
15 of 15 people found the following review helpful.
The biology of politics
By Steven Peterson
An important work. This book provides a good case study of the extent to which biological factors can affect the political world. The subtitle is eloquent as to the volume's focus: "Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences." The authors begin by observing that (Page ix): "We think it is important for a wide range of people to understand why not everyone sees the world the same way as they do."
The book’s takeoff point is the differences between liberals and conservatives. The authors contend that these people see the world in a fundamentally different way—and are unlikely to, through reason, change the views of the other. Using questionnaire items identifying “What works best” lays out the differences (see the survey items on page 53). Conservatives are more apt to respect tradition, to believe that external codes should guide behavior, to accept that leaders should stick with their values no matter what, understand that then world is a dangerous place and one always has to be ready to defend oneself, and accept that those who do bad things need to be punished. Moreover, society works best when leaders are obeyed, when leaders call the shots, and when leaders adhere to their principles no matter what. Liberals? Pretty much the opposite. In other words, liberals and conservatives see and live within different worlds. And—an important point—twin studies suggest that there is a genetic component to these differences.
In this book, unlike some others, the authors do not choose one worldview over the other; their aim is to demonstrate that Ls and Cs live in different worlds (unlike the ubercritical work “The Republican Brain”). Many more differences are put forward.
Also, biological aspects of these differences are discussed, including underlying genetics. What would be the reason for genetic differences here? The authors have a ready explanation for this. Whether or not readers will accept that is a separate story. But their hypothesis is certainly reasonable. There is also a lucid description of how the human brain might come into play here.
As noted at the outset, this is an important book. The authors take much data that they have access to and make a credible presentation as to the nature of differences between Liberals and Conservatives and some possible bases for these distinctions. If interested in the biology of political differences, this is a good starting point.
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
This is not Political Science as you know it
By Paul Alford
This is an excellent read. Pithy, thoughtful, meticulously researched and presented in a way that you almost forget you are absorbing complex and detailed scientific data. If you have ever wondered why Liberals and Conservatives seem so totally intractable, and policy is so overwhelmed by politics, this book will enlighten you. It has very little to do with the things you have always heard that inform our political beliefs like education, socioeconomic class, indoctrination, etc., it's just the way we're built. Much of what you believe is because of what your genes tell you to. If you don't believe that, read this book!
9 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Fantastic Read
By PoliSciJunkie
Put down the most recent Chelsea Handler book or Betty White's biography and pick up Predisposed. This book will give you insight into the most recent studies on biobehavorial differences. Sound boring? It's not. With equal part substance and humor, you'll learn something without feeling like you're back in your high school government class that you rarely attended. You might even learn why your exceptionally annoying neighbor or your beloved parents have the political views that they do. All in all Predisposed is an entertaining and insightful read filled with ideas that everyone should be aware of.
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